GENERAL UNIX

* Conserver
	run client: console {TARGET NAME}

	activate console: <ctrl><shift><e>,<c>,<o>

	sun break to ok (don't work all the time): <ctrl><shift><e>,<c>,<l>,<0>

	quit: <ctrl><shift><e>,<c>,<.>

	files controling the console settings:
		Solaris 2.6 -- /etc/inittab, /etc/ttydefs
		Debian 3.0 -- /etc/inittab
		OpenBSD 3.6 -- /etc/ttys

* Getting out of telnet session:
	shift-control-]

* Samba stuff
	smbstatus -s configfile - reports sshow and how uses shares

	to set up users to access the samba server (without being able to login to the debian server)
		add a samba user group to /etc/group: groupadd -g {gid} {groupname}

		add each samba user with unique UID and samba GID to /etc/passwd:
			useradd -d /nonexistent -s /bin/false -u {uid} -g {gid} -c "{comment}" {username}

		set the samba password with smbpasswd: smbpasswd -a {username}

	use pdbedit to manage the samba backend database if using tdbsam ("passdb backend = tdbsam, guest" in smb.conf):

		to show all the users in the db: pdbedit -L -v

		to show same in smbpasswd form: pdbedit -L -w

		to delete account: pdbedit -x -u {username}

	to set up samba servers all authenticating to one samba server
		on the authentication server, where {NETBIOS_NAME} is the name of the client-server:
			useradd -u {uid} -g {gid} -c "{comment}" -s /sbin/nologin -d /dev/null {NETBIOS_NAME}$
			smbpasswd -a -m {NETBIOS_NAME}$

		on the client-server: smbpasswd -j {NETBIOS_WORKGROUP}

* How much space is being used:
	du -chs /export/opsy

* To copy contents of filesystem
	cd /dir_to_copy_from
	find . -depth -print | cpio -pdmvu /dir_to_copy_to (add -l for links?)

	or: cp -ax / /new-disk

	or: cd /dir; cp -a `ls -A` /new/dir

* SPARC tftpboot stuff
	to unpack a img file under linux:
		gunzip -c /tmp/root.img > /tmp/uroot.img  # if it's compressed
		gunzip -c /tmp/vmlinuz > /tmp/uvmlinuz  # if it's compressed
		mke2fs -m0 -b1024 /dev/ram0 4096  # 4MB ramdisk
		dd if=/tmp/root.img of=/dev/ram0 bs=1024
		mount -t ext2 /dev/ram0 /mnt/tmp

	to create a img file from contents of ramdisk:
		umount /mnt/tmp
		dd if=/dev/ram0 of=/tmp/root.img bs=1024 count=4096
		/usr/bin/tilo -o /tmp/tftpboot.img /tmp/vmlinuz /tmp/root.img
		/sbin/blockdev --flushbufs /dev/ram0  # does the same as freeramdisk???

* Mail
	to send mail:
		/bin/mail -s "subject line" to@foo.org to2@fah.net
		Type in the message body.
		^d
		will be prompted for any CC:
		hit <enter>

	to read mail:
		/bin/mail
		lists messages in mailbox.
		use {num}, "+", or "-" to pick message from list.
		to read mail: "p"
		to read mail with more: "more ."
		to save: "x"
		to delete: "d {num}"
		to reply: "r {num}"
		to list mail: "h"
		to quit: "q"

* POP3 commands:
	telnet popserver 110
	USER name
	PASS password
	QUIT - disconnects

* Exim stuff:
	look at the mail queue: mailq

	try to deliver all messages in the queue: exim4 -qff

	delete message out of queue: exim4 -Mrm {message-id}

* Looking up top level domains:  whois <domain>-dom

* Look up who owns the IP range for a specific IP address: whois -h whois.arin.net {ip-address}

* User authentication for apache: http://www.apacheweek.com/features/userauth

* VI
	turning ON and OFF automatic line numbering:
		set nu /set nonu

	making vi automatically insert eol
		set wm=10

SOLARIS

* Moving directories that contain links: tar cvf - . | (cd /opt; tar xf -)

* Recursively compressing files: find . -type f -exec gzip {} \; 

* Merge two files separated by \t: pr -m -t -s file1 file2

* List files in file hierachy containing a certain string:
	grep -l Classes `find . -name '*.htm*' -print`
	or   find . -name '*.htm*' -print | xargs grep -l Classes

* Listing open files:
	Solaris: lsof
	SunOS:   ofiles

* Sort files by the disk usage: du -s * | sort -n 

* Sorting files by size: l -a | sort -n -r -k 5 | more

* Finding files without owners/groups and assigning them to root:
	find / -nouser -print -exec chown root {} \;
	find / -nogroup -print -exec chgrp root {} \;

* Fixing filesystems:
	finding alternative superblock locations:
		newfs -Nv /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s7
	fixing:
		fsck -F ufs -y -o b={backup superblock} /dev/rdsk/c0t3d0s7

* Clearing up an unallocated inode: clri <device> <inode>

* List of supported disk types: /etc/format.dat

* Putting an image on a floppy: dd if=imagefile of=/dev/diskette bs=1440k

* NFS statistics: nfsstat

* Recompiling windex(manual pages) database:
	catman -w -M /usr/local/man 1
                        ^           ^
                        |           |
        man pages directory       section number

* Host's id: hostid

* Getting the major version of OS: uname -r | cut -f 1 -d .

* Sorting running processes by memory usage:
	ps -el | sort -r -k 10 | less
        ps -eafl | cut -c45- | sort

* Listing processes with full command line: /usr/ucb/bin/ps -ww

* priocntl(1) - display or set scheduling parameters of specified process(es)
	display: priocntl -d {PIDS}
	set to realtime: priocntl -s -c RT {PIDS}
	set back to timesharing: priocntl -s -c TS {PIDS}

* Listing files opened by a particular process: lsof -p <pid>

* Listing processes using a port PORT: lsof -i tcp:PORT

* Killing processes accessing certain filesystem: fuser -cuk /home/staff

* Listing current working directory for a process: /usr/proc/bin/pwdx pid

* Directory containing process info utilities : /usr/proc/bin
	a man-page that describes them: proc

* Report virtual memory statistcis: vmstat [interval_in_seconds]

* Swap summary: swap -s

* Setting a permanent group: newgrp groupname

* Display login and logout info about users: last

* Modify user's login information in the system: usermod

* "Hiding" input: stty -echo

* Reboot
	SunOS style: /usr/ucb/shutdown -r +5 'Message'
	Solaris style: shutdown -y -i 6 -g 300 'Message'

* Look at boottime messages: dmesg

* # of processors on the machine: /usr/sbin/psrinfo

* Per-processor info about CPUs: mpstat

* List dynamic dependencies and shared libraries of an executable: ldd

* List installed patches: showrev -p

* Listing kernel parameters: sysdef -i

* Messing with Sun's input output devices;
	setting input to keyboard/ttya next time it reboots: ok setenv input-device keybord/ttya

	setting output to screen/ttya: ok setenv output-device screen/ttya

* Talking to Sun's serial line:
	prompt% kermit
	C-Kermit> set line /dev/ttya
	C-Kermit> set speed 9600
	C-Kermit> connect

* Using kermit for "telnet-like" connection between machines
	kermit> set host machine-name
	kermit> connect

* Break in Kermit: ^|b

* Assigning multiple IPs to a sun:
	ifconfig le0:1 inet 129.130.12.97 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast +
	or just create (for each logical interface): /etc/hostname.le0:1

* Routing:
	list static routes: netstat -r[na] 
	status of network interfaces: ifconfig -a
	stats on network interfaces: netstat -i 
	adding a static route: route add host gateway distance
		distance is 0 if the gateway is on the same machine
	disabling routing: /etc/norouter
	network setup: /etc/rc2.d/ S69inet and S72inetsvc

* Booting a very sick Sun machine: ok  boot -bs

* Rebooting from net: reboot -- net

* Modifying EEPROM (NVRAM) parameters after boot: eeprom

* Print memory page size: pagesize

* Listing ASCII strings compiled into a binary file: strings {filename}

* Checking xterm keyboard bindings: stty -a

* Resetting stop key (term does not freeze when you hit C-s): stty stop undef

* Suspending Solaris box: sys-suspend

* Package management on Solaris
	pkgadd -d {package path}
	pkgrm
	pkginfo


OPENBSD

* Package management on OpenBSD
	test installing a package: pkg_add -nv {package file}
	install a package: pkg_add {package file}
	remove a package: pkg_delete
	list installed packages: pkg_info

* Set up hard drive: fdisk /dev/sdN (where N=disk number)

* Partition disk: disklabel /dev/sdN (where N=disk number)

* Check unmounted filesystems on Sparc: fsck_ffs -y /dev/rsdNL (where N=disk number and L=partition letter)

* To allow root telnet login append "secure" to the ttypN lines in /etc/ttys (where N=1-f)

* PF on OpenBSD
	Check rule syntax with: pfctl -vnf /etc/pf.conf

	Check rule usage with: pfctl -vs rules
	
	Check rule usage with: pfctl -vs nat
	
	Check current state with: pfctl -s state

	Reload with: pfctl -Fa -f /etc/pf.conf

	NOTE: protocol names must exist in /etc/services, or use the port number!

	NOTE: on OpenBSD, IP Forwarding is turned off by default, enable by
		editing /etc/sysctl.conf and uncomment or add the line:
		net.inet.ip.forwarding=1

REDHAT

* Package management on RedHat
	installing a package (local): rpm -i -v {package file}

	installing a package (off the net): rpm -i -v -h {URL to package to install beginning with ftp://}
		where:
			-i  install package
			-v  print useful info about installation
			-h  print 50 hash marks indicating progress

	useful options:
		force install new packages over old ones, overwrite packages/overwrite files of other packages
		percent print percentages as files are unpacked
		nodep don't do a depenency check before installing a package
		test don't install, just test

 - listing all installed packages: rpm -q -a

 - lising info about an uninstalled package: rpm -q -l -R -p {package.rpm}
	where:
		-l list all the files in the package
		-R list dependencies (packages this one needs) 

 - removing (erasing) an installed package: rpm -e {package}

	checks removal but does not do anything: rpm -e --test -vv {package}

* Force file system check: e2fsck -f /dev/hda7    

* Information about locale (local time): /etc/localtime -> /usr/share/zoneinfo/US/Central

* Tracing system calls: strace

* Command line of a running process: /proc/<pid>/cmdline

* Switching between X and text consoles:
	X --> text:  ctrl + alt + F<console #>
	text --> X:  alt + F7

* Setup
	networking info:
		/etc/sysconfig/network
		and
		/etc/sysconfig/network/ifcfg-eth0

	removing redhat boot screen:
		comment out message=/boot/message in /etc/lilo.conf (don't forget to run lilo)

	setting text login mode: id:3:initdefault:
		in /etc/inittab

	changing file colors: /etc/DIR_COLORS

* Setting library path (LD_LIBRARY_PATH substituite)
	/etc/ld.so.conf

* Checking devices on PCI bus
	cat /proc/pci

DEBIAN

* Package management on Debian
	gives you a list of all installed package: dpkg -l

	to refresh available packages: apt-get update

	to test removing a package: apt-get -s --purge remove {package-name}

	to remove a package: apt-get --purge remove {package-name}

	to test installing a package: apt-get -s install {package-name}

	to install a package: apt-get install {package-name}

	to install from particular version:
		apt-get -t {kernel# | dist name | stable | testing | unstable} install {package-name}

	to test installing a local package:
		dpkg --dry-run -i /tmp/rarpd_0.981107-6_i386.deb

	to install a local package:
		dpkg -i /tmp/rarpd_0.981107-6_i386.deb

* To build a new filesystem
	cfdisk [/dev/hdX] where X=disk ID
	mkfs.ext3 -cv [/dev/hdXN] where X=disk ID and N=partition number
	modify /etc/fstab

* Install on software RAID (md) on sarge 3.1
	start normal install

	partition the disks to desired sizes, mark as file system "RAID", don't forget to mark /boot as bootable

	when finished it will add new disk entries representing the RAID partitions

	pick the new RAID partitions and pick the file system, mount point, etc.

	continue install as normal

* Check status of md RAIDs:
	mdadm --detail /dev/mdX ... (where X=number of the RAID)

	also: cat /proc/partitions

	and: cat /proc/mdstat

* Build a new RAID1
	cfdisk [/dev/hdX] where X=disk ID
		(the partition-types must be set to 0xFD, use fdisk and set the type to "fd")

	copy the structure from /dev/hdX to /dev/hdY:
		sfdisk -d /dev/hdX | sfdisk /dev/hdY

	mdadm -v -C /dev/mdX --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/hdY# /dev/hdY'#'

	mkfs.ext3 -cv /dev/mdX where X=RAID ID

	modify /etc/fstab

	cd /etc/mdadm
	cp mdadm.conf mdadm.conf.bak
	echo "DEVICE partitions" > mdadm.conf
	mdadm --detail --scan >> mdadm.conf

	mount

* Restore a member of a RAID:
	mdadm --manage /dev/md1 --add /dev/hdc2

* Restore a corrupt member of a RAID:
	mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdb1
	
	mdadm --create /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-disks=2 missing /dev/sdb1
	watch -n 3 cat /proc/mdstat

	cd /etc/mdadm
	cp mdadm.conf mdadm.conf.bak
	echo "DEVICE partitions" > mdadm.conf
	mdadm --detail --scan >> mdadm.conf

	mkinitrd -o /boot/initrd.img-2.4.27-ct-1-raid

* Disable Path MTU Discovery
	temp:
		echo  1  >/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_no_pmtu_disc

	permanent:
		vi /etc/sysctl.conf
		net.ipv4.ip_no_pmtu_disc = 1